Loanwords: French, German, English

Making foreign words Dutch

• French left a deep layer, from the Burgundian period to the 18th-century elite: het trottoir, de etalage, het rendez-vous, het bureau. Some kept their French spelling (cadeau), others were made Dutch (paraplu, portemonnee).
• German gave words that feel slightly colloquial: sowieso, überhaupt, kitsch, het fingerspitzengefühl. Language purists have long frowned on germanismen, but these are standard today.
• English verbs get Dutch endings. The pronounced last sound of the stem decides -t/-d ('t kofschip): updaten → hij updatet → geüpdatet; liken → geliket; downloaden → gedownload; cancelen → gecanceld.
• New loan nouns are usually de-words (de deadline, de meeting), but some are het: het weekend, het team, het management.